Indian+Tribes+(Qf10)

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History Archaeologists believe that the Keresan-speaking residents of Zia are descendants of the Ancestral Puebloan people of the who migrated to the sometime in the thirteenth century. Spanish explorer, first encountered the Zia in 1583 when he noted that the biggest pueblos was the one the natives called, Tsiya, which the Spanish later altered to Zia. Spanish settlers and their religious orders slowly took control of the region and outlawed traditional Zia religious ceremonies. The first missionary was assigned to the Zia in 1598 by Don Juan De Onate, and by 1613 a church and convent had built by tribal members.] Tensions between the Spanish and Zia continued to build until 1689 when a led by Pope, a leader, overthrew the Spanish regime. The uprising was successful and the Spanish were forced to flee south. The Pueblo Indians acquired horses from the Spanish, thus allowing the further spread of horses to the Plains tribes. It was another nine years before they returned laying siege to in 1689. Soldiers led by Governor Domingo Jironza Petriz de Cruzate sacked the pueblo, killing 600 people and taking 70 Zia Indians captive. Three years later the Spanish had crushed any Publeo resistance and convinced the Zia people and their leader, Antonio Malacate, to return to their homes but fighting and disease had taken their toll with only about 120 people left living in Zia in 1892.

13th centery migrated to jemez river valley spanish religon took over their up rising in 1689 -- they got horses by the time diease and war passed the populating of the tribe was 120, in 1892. new mexico(today), The **Four Corners** is a region of the United States consisting of southwest Colorado, northwest New Mexico, northeast Arizonaand southeast Utah ((before))

Housing The Natives of the, including the Zia, were known for their "pueblo homes" made of. These were built like an apartment complex with a huge box base, smaller box on top, and an even smaller one on top of that. That way, it had different floors for storing different items and for families. No doors were located on the bottom floor (until recently) so the only way to access the building was by ladders made from logs. One ladder would take you to the patio (second floor) and another led through an opening through a roof and onto the first floor. Other ladders led to higher floors. At night, ladders would be taken inside for protection so no outsider could come in without permission. These houses are made from the natural resources of the nearby desert. the building-block, is made by mixing clay, sand, water and organic materials such as sticks, straw, and dung. These are mixed into blocks and left to dry. Meanwhile. a hole is dug where the new building is intended to be and supporting poles are planted firmly in the ground to make a frame. When the blocks of adobe are dry and hard, they are laid around the building and bounded by wet clay (used as cement). Every year, a new coat of adobe mixture/clay is added to the wall to keep them firm.

Pueblo homes made of adobe made from clay, sand, water, sticks, straw, dung wooden ladders made from logs poles made into frames bounded by wet clay(used as cement) samee today

Religious Customs Kachinas The Zia, like the other Pueblos, believed in different spirits called These were thought to be ancestral spirits that used to live among their people. The spirits got offended when people didn't pay them attention so they fled to live in the sky. They were said to come occasionally and bring rain and clouds. Over 300 kachinas were present in the worship and the Zia held religious festivals and ceremonies in which they asked the Kachinas to bring rain and make their crops grow. They used drums and rattles in the dances during the ceremonies. Religious men dressed as the kachinas would come down from the mountains and dance among the people during the festival. After three days, they would go back up. To the people, the men dressed like this were thought to be possessed by the kachina spirits for that period of time.

the zia people bealived in spirits called kachinas who chould minipulate the weather.

Living and culture Farming Techniques Because of the arid climate of the land where they live, the Zia had to adapt to the way of life in a way best suited for the desert. Since they were home dwellers, as opposed to being nomadic, farming was essential to their supply of food. One of the biggest challenges they faced with farming was where to get their water supply from. In New Mexico rain was scarce during certain parts of the year so new techniques of farming were developed. The Zia would plant their seeds in a fertile piece of land close to a river or stream. Then they would dig paths to the fields from the stream and thus the water flowed from the stream to water the crops. By placing and removing rocks in the paths, they could control when water flowed to the crops and when not. They would sometimes go to the top of a snowy hill and roll a giant snowball to the village. In the more elevated regions, the men planted seeds in a patch on a runny slope. When it rained, rainwater running down the slope would water the crops as well. Other times, huge trenches, like cisterns, were dug to collect the rain. Part of the woman's job was to go to these trenches with clay pottery, collect water, and use them to water the fields Crops Zia farming produced a wide array of crops. But the most important of these were corn, beans, and squash which were nicknamed the //three sisters//. These crops were planted in shared or //common ground// which everyone contributed. They were the staple of Zia and Pueblo diets. Corn was the most important of all. While some was eaten fresh, most was stored away in pots and cellars for the winter and droughts. When some of the corn dried, it was turned into flour and bread by the women. They would sit outside at grinding stones, singing religious songs while rubbing stones against the corn producing flour. The fact that they sang involves their view of corn being sacred. Once the flour was done, it was mixed with water to make dough. The dough was widened to round flat sheets and placed on hot rocks over a fire.When done baking, a tortilla was produced;it was the most important and basic staple available to them.Other minor crops were grown in //personal, individual gardens// such as peppers, onions, chilies, and tobacco. New Mexico is well known for its spicy chilies that originated among tribes like this. Meat Sources While the Zia were primarily vegetarians, they often ate meat when it was available. Small hunting parties of men and teenage boys would be sent to hunt for small game such as rabbit, gopher, and squirrel. They also hunted large game such as deer, antelope, and mountain lions. When the spring season came, special groups would go close to the Great Plains to hunt for bison

mostly vegitarians, ate some meat hunted bison, deer, antelope, mountain lions (large game) and small game (lik rabbit, gopher, squirrel) planted corn (most important), beans, squash (three sisters) corn could be dried, turned into flour and bread also grew peppers, onions, chilies, and tobbaco tortilla

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Essay: The Zia Tribe were around since the 13th century and migrated from Jemez River Valley to "The Four Corners" which where southwest Colorado, Northeast Mexico, Northeast Arizona and Southeast Utah. The first Spanish explorer encountered the Zia in 1583. The Spanish’s religion slowly took over the Zia's and in 1598 the first missionary was assigned to the Zia's city. By 1613 a church had been constructed by the tribe. The tension between the Spanish and the Zia continued to build until 1689 when Pope, a tribal leader, over threw the Spanish’s religion. The Spanish fled south and the Zia people acquired horses and this allowed the further spread of horses to the tribes. 9years later the Spanish came back and killed 600people and taken 70indians captive. Three years later the Indians agreed to stop fighting but disease and war had taken their toll on the tribe leaving only 120people left in the Zia tribe from 1892. Today they live in New Mexico.

The Zia Tribe believed in spirits called Kachinas and these spirits could manipulate the weather. The spirits got offended when they didn’t get attention from the tribe and fled into the sky. The tribe held festivals to ask for rain for their crops and some people would come down from the mountains in costumes and to the people these people were possessed for a period of time by the Kachinas Spirits. They still hold festivals today.

The Pueblo's homes where made from Adobe. Adobe was made from clay, sand, water, sticks, straw, and dung. They were built on top of each other and to get to a higher level you would need to climb a wooden ladder made from logs. The house's frames are made from poles and the adobe walls are bound to one another by wet clay (used as cement). Today the Tribes still use this kind of housing.

The Zia people were mostly vegititarians but they ate some meat. They grew corn, bean, squash, peppers, onions, chilies, and tobacco. The people could grind down the corn to make flour and bread or they could dry it. They could make tortillas from the flour and this is one of their main foods. They hunted large game such as deer, antelope, mountain lions, and bison and small game such as rabbits, gophers, and squirrels.

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Zinc was used for their masks Interaction with other tribes to trade Art pottery